Hammock Camping Info

After a lousy night's sleep in a tent a few years ago I decided to check out hammocks for backpacking and camping.  I bought an inexpensive nylon hammock from Walmart and have never looked back.  Since that time I've "upgraded" to other manufacturers - including Grand Trunk, Trek Light, ENO, and Hennessy - but for ease of use, sleeping comfort, compact size, and light weight the hammock is hard to beat in my estimation.  A quick list of what to pick up for hammock camping is not really a simple task.  There are several considerations: will there be biting insects?  If so then a bug net is helpful.  What will the temperature be like?  If it's very cold at all I will need some sort of under insulation to keep from having "cold butt syndrome."  Is rain a possibility?  If so then I'll want a rain fly.



Few hammocks in the background.

One quick option that I've purchased is the Hennessy Hammock (click here). 

The Hennessy includes everything (excluding the insulation) that you need for basic backpacking or camping as far as your hammock goes - hammock, bug net, rain fly, tree straps, and suspension system.  There are other manufacturers that offer similar setups.  I've modified my Hennessy by changing out the suspension system and tree straps for the Marlin Spike Whoopie Kit from Arrowhead Equipment.  I can't say enough good about the whoopie sling setup.  They are so easy to attach and adjust.  it is a definite inconvenience to try to adjust your hammock left or right with many other systems (including the one that comes with the Hennessy). 

I also modified my Hennessy's entry system.  I bought the Expedition Asym Classic which has a bottom velcro entrance/exit.  It's pretty cool but ultimately not very comfortable to use and is very limiting when you want to easily grab something outside of your hammock.  I had 2QZQ Hammock Specialties install a side zipper for me and it's incredible.  I should have spent the original $20 difference and ordered my Hennessy with a zipper.

Hennessy zipper modification.

Hennessy suspension ropes attached to their tree straps.

If you don't go the all-inclusive route then you can customize your setup in a number of different ways but here's a quick list of items to get and things to consider:

Hammock: lots of options out there - Grand Trunk, Trek Light, ENO to just name a few.

Hammock, whoopie slings, and tree straps all in the attached bag.

Tarp: you can DIY like a buddy of mine or buy one premade - mine are all premade.  You'll want to include some way to run a ridge line to hang the tarp or buy one that is ready to hang already like the ProFly Rain Tarp from ENO.  You can sort of see mine in this cropped pic from a backpacking trip in 2013.

Insulation: you'll need some way to keep from getting cold because of convection.  The cheap route is a simple camping pad, like what you would use in a tent - this is what I currently use.  Other options are underquilts (like those at Arrowhead Equipment) or the "Super Shelter" from Hennessy.  I would love an underquilt but haven't yet spent the $$$ on one.

Bug net: depending on where you go and the time of year you will probably want some way to keep mosquitos from biting you while you sleep.  You can make a bug net, buy one that encloses your entire hammock, or buy one that is integrated like the Hennessy.

Tree straps: you need something to attach to trees while camping.  Most systems are some sort of strap rather than rope.  Ropes will much more easily cut into the tree causing damage.  There are several options out there but I still prefer the system I mentioned earlier from Arrowhead.

Tree straps from Arrowhead Equipment.

Suspension: you need a way to attach the hammock to the tree straps.  Many hammocks only come with the hammock, you'll have to buy suspension lines separately.  I am a strong advocate for whoopie slings.  They are super lightweight, and incredibly easy to attach and adjust - well worth the money.

Here's the Marlin Spike setup from Arrowhead.

Whoopie slings suspension.

Stakes: don't forget enough stakes to stake out your rainfly.

Second hammock: one last thing that I've found extremely helpful is having a second hammock to hang under my main hammock to use for gear storage.  This is especially helpful when its raining but is great any other time as well.

There is so much more that could be written but hopefully this is helpful.  For more hammock information check out the book The Ultimate Hang as well as the Ultimate Hang website.  Tons of helpful tips.

Get out there!

~Rhyno

Light Trigger Pull Issues - The Legalities

Some helpful, knowledgeable thoughts from someone who actually knows what they're talking about.  Originally posted on the Smith & Wesson Forums (click here).

THE LIGHT TRIGGER PULL ISSUE

By Massad Ayoob

A common thread topic on shooting forums is whether a defensive handgun with a lighter-than-factory-spec trigger pull can cause problems in court. Because this is something that most people don’t have experience with, the topic is particularly vulnerable to misinformation.

On a recent thread, the original poster opened with the following link, in which instructors and lawyers mentioned several cases of too-light pulls resulting in injuries and severe legal problems: Gun Modifications, Light Triggers and Reloaded Ammunition .

It wasn’t long before someone posted to claim there had never been such a case. Others wrote in, citing cases where it had indeed been problematic; they were followed by a litany of posters parroting, “there has never been such a case.”

At that point, there was no way a discussion could meaningfully continue without posters of the latter stripe being made to feel insulted. A basic rule of internet posting, indeed of debate, is: read/listen to the other person’s argument. Partly because you can never defeat an argument you don’t understand, and partly because saying something you’ve just been presented evidence of, doesn’t exist, indicates willful ignorance at best and lying at worst.

The Scope of the Problem.

Extremely light trigger pulls are seen as “easier to shoot.” That’s the good news AND the bad news. Extremely light trigger pulls have long been associated with unintended or premature discharges, and we live in a time when both the gun culture and the firearms training industry – rightly or wrongly – have promoted the concept than any unintended discharge not caused by a mechanical defect is a “negligent discharge.”

In a self-defense shooting, both prosecutors in criminal cases and plaintiffs’ counsel in civil cases know that justified protection of self and other innocent victims is a very strong defense…but there’s no such thing as a “justifiable accident.” Whatever opposing counsel deems “their theory of the case” is customarily treated in court as if it could be every bit as plausible as the truth in a true self-defense case. However, if the issue of negligence can be raised, the hill they have to climb to convict you or win a large monetary judgment from you is much less steep. The element of negligence can sustain a Manslaughter charge in criminal court, and a Wrongful Death verdict in civil court.

Taking a criminal suspect at gunpoint with a “hair trigger gun” that “no police department would allow an officer to carry” feeds directly into their theory of negligence, now applied to YOUR case.

Institutional History

Before the last quarter of the 20th Century, and long before I did my first case as an expert witness, the nation’s third largest municipal police force – LAPD – had ordered all service revolvers modified to double action only (DAO). OIF2, a gun-savvy LAPD vet on the Smith & Wesson Forum, pegs the date of the change at 1971.

Before the sea change from the service revolver to the semiautomatic police service pistol was complete (more than 20 years ago) many other agencies had gone DAO. NYPD and Miami Police Department, among others. It was not a phenomenon limited to the USA; in Canada, the Montreal Police Department did the same. One reason for the Glock pistol’s rapid ascendance to dominance during the changeover was that early on, BATF declared the Glock to be a double action only semiautomatic pistol. (Miami went to the Glock with an 8-pound connector; NYPD famously went with DAO SIG P226 and S&W 5946, and the Glock 19 with the NY-2 trigger system created especially for that department with an 11 to 12 pound trigger pull.) When Chicago PD, our second largest department, first authorized semiautomatics, they didn’t allow even Glocks: only double action ONLY S&W, SIG, Beretta, and Ruger pistols were initially authorized. The US Border Patrol, our largest Federal law enforcement agency, adopted the Beretta 96D DAO as their first issue auto pistol in the mid-1990s, and went to the DAO HK P2000 (LEM trigger system) circa 2006.

Why the change? Because of the so-called “hair trigger” effect that was created when the hammer was cocked. Sometimes, under the tense conditions in which guns are drawn for defensive purposes, cocked guns DID go off unintentionally with tragic results. And, also, because if the gun COULD be cocked, an opening was created for opposing counsel to falsely claim that it WAS cocked and then negligently discharged.

Large police departments have a significant number of shootings, all of which are thoroughly investigated and most of which result in some sort of lawsuit. These incidents become parts of those agencies’ institutional history, and are considered when those agencies determine what guns will be approved or issued in the future.

Common Misconceptions

When this topic is discussed in gun forums, certain themes predictably arise. Let’s discuss them now.

“They won’t know I had a light trigger.” MISCONCEPTION. Of course they ‘ll know. It is routine procedure for every firearm recovered after a shooting to be sent to the crime lab, where it will be intensively examined by a professional Firearms and Toolmark Examiner who is likely to be currently certified as an armorer with most common handguns. Trigger pulls are routinely weighed and cross-checked with manufacturer specifications to determine if they are within spec. All safety devices are checked. (The reason, among others, is to preclude a criminal from claiming that a murder weapon was defective and went off by itself.)

“I’ll just say I shot him intentionally, and that will be that.” MISCONCEPTION. News flash: if everyone was accepting what you say, even if you speak the truth, you wouldn’t be in court. I would expect the opposing counsel’s opening statement to include something like, “The defendant is so reckless and arrogant he can’t admit he made a deadly mistake. He’ll probably tell you something like ‘I, like Inspector Clouseau, meant to do that.’”

“That’s only a concern if you shot someone by accident.” MISCONCEPTION. All they have to do is ALLEGE that you fired by accident due to the hair trigger effect. A classic example is Florida v. Luis Alvarez, where the cornerstone of the state’s case against the officer was that he had (A) cocked the hammer of his Smith & Wesson, which (B) had two coils removed from the trigger return spring. Yes, he was ultimately acquitted…after a fourteen-month ordeal that included an eight-to-nine-week trial. A detailed account of this case can be found in the autobiography of one of his attorneys, Roy Black, titled “Black’s Law.”

“I always keep my booger hooker off the bang switch, so this will never be an issue for me.” MISCONCEPTION. First, even if you HAVE kept your finger off the trigger until you intentionally fired, remember the point made earlier: you can’t count on what you SAY in court automatically being BELIEVED in court. Second, a seasoned cross-examiner would simply reply, “We all know you’re supposed to keep your finger off the trigger until you’re in the act of intentionally firing…AND WE’RE SAYING THAT YOU DIDN’T! WE CONTEND THAT YOU MADE A MISTAKE! Are you telling this jury that you’re an absolutely perfect human being who is INCAPABLE of making a mistake?”

Tell us how you’re going to answer that, without sounding like the personification of reckless arrogance the cross-examiner is portraying you to be?

Second, you can expect opposing counsel to discover the European study found HERE Force Science News #3: Can You Really Prevent Unintentional Discharges? in which it was discovered that even well-trained cops did not realize their fingers were touching their triggers in high-stress simulated danger situations. It’s called “trigger affirmation” by training expert Tom Aveni, and also “trigger confirmation” or “trigger verification.” And it can happen even with the most highly trained personnel.

“There has never been a conviction resulting from the hair trigger allegation!” MISCONCEPTION. Here are two, just from my personal experience. NY v. Magliato, where Frank Magliato unintentionally discharged the cocked revolver he had pointed at his assailant, killing him. Sent to prison originally for Depraved Murder, the appellate court reduced the conviction only to Manslaughter, with the majority opinion holding that it was reckless and negligent to aim a gun with such a light trigger pull at a man one obviously did not intend to shoot at that moment. (The minority opinion held that doing so did indeed constitute Depraved Murder under NY law.) And in Canada there was Crown v. Gossett, a criminal trial involving a cop whose service revolver probably was cocked when it unintentionally discharged, killing an unarmed suspect. Gossett was convicted of Manslaughter in his first trial, but thankfully, acquitted in his second trial.

“I’ll just tell the Court that I had the light trigger so I wouldn’t miss and hit an innocent bystander.” MISCONCEPTION. Whether you say that in a gun forum discussion or in court, you can expect the opposing side to say, “So, you ADMIT your competence with a gun was so poor that you realized EVEN BEFOREHAND that you were likely to hit an innocent bystander instead of your intended target if you didn’t have your special ‘orthopedic trigger’? Why weren’t you honest enough to admit that you weren’t ready to be carrying or even keeping a loaded gun for self defense in public yet?” That argument HELPS anyone trying to paint you as incompetent and negligent.

What Exactly Constitutes a ‘Hair Trigger’?

That will generally be determined by manufacturer spec for “duty trigger” pull weight, and “common custom and practice” WITH THAT PARTICULAR FIREARM. With the popular Glock, the manufacturer’s position is that the nominal 5.5-lb. pull weight of the standard model is minimum for duty. Pistols like their Tactical/Practical G34 and G35 come standard with 4.5 pound triggers, but are also listed in the Glock website and catalog under “sport” (i.e., “target”) pistols rather than law enforcement or self-defense guns. When ordered by police departments, it is Glock policy to install the 5.5-lb. trigger in those models. (The 3.5/4.5-lb. connector is factory approved for serious use only in conjunction with the NY-1 trigger module, which brings pull weight up into the 6-lb. range.) On the other hand, with the 1911, a pistol equipped with thumb safety and grip safety, the 4.5-lb. trigger is much more defensible. NRA’s minimum pull weight on a 1911 in the Distinguished match is 4.0-lb. This seems to be the minimum pull weight for a duty 1911 recommended by most of its many manufacturers, including Colt.

A cocked double action revolver is generally seen as having a “hair trigger,” and was presented as such in trial or at grand jury in Florida v. Alvarez S&W Model 64, NY v. Magliato (Colt Detective Special), Michigan v. Chase (S&W Model 15), Georgia v. Crumbley (S&W Model 686), and Crown v. Gossett (S&W Model 10) among others.

In Conclusion

This writer is speaking as a police firearms instructor since 1972, a trainer of law-abiding armed citizens since 1981, and more than four decades of researching why police make the firearms training decisions they do, and how they investigate shootings. Those decades include 19 years as chair of the firearms/deadly force training committee of the American Society of Law Enforcement Trainers, 11 years on the advisory board of the International Association of Law Enforcement Trainers Association, and 35 years as an expert witness in weapons/use of force cases. Having been involved personally in several cases involving lighter-than-factory-spec triggers presented as “hair trigger cases,” including the Alvarez, Gossett, and Magliato cases mentioned above, I think that the collective law enforcement experience in countless such cases speaks to the wisdom of keeping “factory ‘duty spec’ trigger pulls” on any firearm one is likely to use for self-defense purposes.

Respectfully submitted,

Massad Ayoob

Knot Class (#4) - BushClass USA

For my first BushClass challenge I started with class #4 - "Knots."  This was one that I knew I could knock out pretty quickly.  As a rock climber I enjoy knots but I'm not all that knowledgeable of "bushcraft" knots.  The four knots were pretty simple.  The BushClass USA page stated that I would learn later the various applications for the knots.  The four knots were: the figure 8 on a bight (one I use all the time for climbing), the sheet-bend, two half hitches, and the tautline hitch.

Figure 8 on a Bight

Sheet-Bend

Two Half Hitches

Tautline Hitch

I'm looking forward to learning some bushcraft applications for these as well as continuing this journey.

Get out there!

~Rhyno

BushClass USA

I've been looking at getting more into bushcraft for at least the past couple of years. Basically bushcraft is the idea of having and employing wilderness skills. Wikipedia says this,

Bushcraft is about thriving in the natural environment, and the acquisition of the skills and knowledge to do so.  Bushcraft skills include firecraft, tracking, hunting, fishing, shelter-building, the use of tools such as knives and axes, foraging, hand-carving wood, container construction from natural materials, and rope and twine-making, among others.

I found some online "classes" at www.bushcraftusa.com that they call bushclass. I'm hoping to work my way through the three levels of training, if for no other reason than to have some goals to push me to get outside. 

I'll also be posting up my experiences of and progress through the various classes. As I've looked over the curriculum I think it's definitely possible. So anyway here it goes. 

Get out there!

~Rhyno

My EDC Kit

It's probably best to start out with my philosophy behind this edc (every day carry) bag. I wanted a system that could be easily transferred from varying larger bags - one that could be put in my daily office backpack, quickly added to a travel bag, carried out on the trail in a backpack or lumbar pack, or just simply grabbed on its own, with the idea that I would have the basic necessities always close at hand. My philosophy of use is a daily usage and basic survival kit - whether I need to bandage a minor cut, unchap my lips, clip my nails or even start a fire, purify water, and build a shelter. 

For these purposes I chose the Maxpedition Beefy Pocket Organizer. Of course there is no way this will fit in any pocket but it works fairly well as an addition to my backpack. I appreciate the sturdy construction and the many options for internal organization. I would love for this kit to be smaller but then I'd have to sacrifice some of my gear choices. This is my current content:

BASIC TOOLS

Knife - Probably the most basic tool. I'm running the Cold Steel Voyager Tanto large. Tanto isn't necessarily my preferred style but Cold Steel's Triad lock is a beast. This knife may be the next best thing to a fixed blade. 

Flashlight - I've got the Foursevens Mini M2A in 2xAA. I prefer easy to find battery options like the AAA or AA. I also carry some extra batteries, 2xAA & 2xAAA. 

Multitool - Leatherman Juice S2 - a wide array of uses, from cutting to opening cans to tightening a screw to opening a bottle. Knife, scissors, pliers, screw drivers, can opener. 

Mini-Pry Bar - can't say that I use this all that much but it's just a cool little tool. If I need to pry something open or remove a small nail then this fellow can save then wear and tear on your multitool. 

Tweezers - they don't take up much space but they excel at removing splinters or grasping small items. 

Nail Clippers - clipping nails and anything else that needs clipped. 

FIRST AID

I don't have a very extensive edc fak but I try to carry bandages in varying sizes, neosporin, Tylenol, ibuprofen, benedryl, tampon, maxi pad, and iodine. The iodine doubles as water purification. I wrote the instructions on the bottle - 5 to 10 drops per liter and then wait 30 minutes. The feminine products are handy for my daughters in an emergency as well as they can be used in place of bandages if necessary. 

FIRE

Lighter - easiest method. 

Matches - UCO Stormproof Matches. Waterproof and windproof. These are great in adverse conditions. 

Firesteel - Light My Fire Sweedish Firesteel. 

Vaseline Cotton Balls - these take a spark easily then burn for about one minute. Great for getting kindling going. 

Fat Wood - resin impregnated pine sticks - another great fire starter. Can be shaved down, split into smaller sticks or even just lit as is. 

MISCELLANEOUS 

Spork - Light My Fire Titanium Spork. Helpful in the wilderness as well as when eating in restaurants that only have plastic ware. 

Lip Balm

Paper - small Moleskine pad. Many uses - writing notes, starting fire, leaving messages, keeping track of details. 

Sharpie Permanent Marker 

Pen - Fisher space Pen. Great writing instrument. 

Trash Bag - 55 gallon heavy duty drum liner. Can be used to help make an emergency shelter (i.e. tarp), climb inside for a bivy sack, make a poncho, or merely hold things. 

Bandanna - blowing your nose, cleaning lenses, covering a wound, wiping sweat, straining water before purification, making char cloth, etc. 

Duct Tape - several feet wrapped around a plastic card. Beyond the obvious usage can be used as a fire starter. 

Signal Mirror - SOL. Includes the sighting instructions on the back. Great for emergency signaling. 

Emergency Whistle - pealess; another signaling option. 

Compass - Suunto A-30. 

Poncho - cheap Walmart poncho in the front pocket. Very thin and light weight. 

Paracord - around 50'. Almost limitless potential. Lanyards, bow drills, ridge lines, lashings, splints, etc. 

Paper Clips - can be bent into many shapes for many uses. 

Safety Pins - couple pinned in the liner of the bag. 

Breast Milk Bags - these seal up tight and can be used for storing lots of items as well as using for emergency water bags. They are super light and thin so don't take up much space. 

Floss/Tooth picks - helpful in cleaning your teeth. 

Aluminum foil - two foot square sheet. Cooking, food prep, surface protection, signal mirror, etc. 

Zip Ties - great for lashing anything together. 

Well that about does it. I'm sure things will change some with time, but with this small kit with me I feel like I have a lot of the major bases covered for every day use as well as basic preparedness. 

Get out there,

~Rhyno

One Knife to Rule Them All!?! - The Perfect Knife

I've been on the lookout for quite some time for my perfect knife. I'm not talking about an every day carry (EDC) pocket knife, like my Kershaw Skyline, but my perfect outdoor fixed-blade knife. The one knife that does it all - fine carving, batoning, chopping, food preparation, striking a fire-steel, etc - one that's comfortable to use, not too heavy, holds a good edge, and able to take a beating and still come out on top.  I want all this without breaking the bank. If possible, I would like to stay under $100. Maybe that's asking too much. Can any one knife fit that bill?

 

A few knives I've played with thus far are:

Ka-Bar Becker BK7

I really like the overall size of this one - big enough for some light chopping and plenty tough to baton. I took it backpacking last summer to New Mexico and it served me well. 

My two gripes about it though are that its heavy (I'm hoping to move to lighter weight backpacking) and its a bit big for finer carving tasks. 

Ontario RAT 3

I've not really used this one out in the field much but I've kept it by my wood burning stove and used it to baton wood to kindle my fire. I actually broke my first one doing this but Ontario replaced it. 

It's a bit short for much serious baton use and it's fat belly doesn't seem like it's helpful in finer carving projects. 

Mora Companion

I really like the Mora knives. They are wicked sharp, easy to sharpen, inexpensive, comfortable to hold, and great carvers. 

Some of the negatives are that they are not full tang (maybe more like 3/4) making me nervous for batoning, their spines are not well finished making them poor for striking a fire steel, and they are so light weight that they are pretty much worthless for chopping. 

Mora Heavy Duty Companion

This is my most recent purchase. It has the same basic info from the standard Companion, just a substantially thicker blade. I'll be keeping this by the stove to see how it handles batoning and will bring it camping next month. 

Ontario Spec Plus Marine Raider Bowie

This knife is a beast! It is absolutely huge, placing it at the top for chopping and batoning. It is comfortable in the hand, has a super sharp tip, and seems to hold an edge well. 

Negatively, because it is so large it is practically worthless for finer work, and definitely more weight than I want to carry on a backpacking trip. 

Ka-Bar Fighting/Utility

I really like this knife. If I had it to do over again I'd go without the partially serrated edge. 

Again it's a bit heavy for backpacking and probably a tad large for finer work. I also don't like the rat-tail tang. Because the tang is so much thinner I bent it a bit with some heavy batoning. 

Well that's my journey thus far. I think I'm concluding that there really can't be one end-all-be-all knife. If I want a good batoner/chopper it'll take a big, heavy, full-tang blade. If I want a fine detail carver and food prep cutter it'll mean a smaller overall knife. In the end I can probably make the smaller knives, like the Moras, fill most backpacking/camping/bushcraft roles. 

Get out there!

~Rhyno